本篇文章中南京环球教育方丹丹老师将从雅思提高目标出发来探讨和论述雅思阅读文章的篇章结构和段落结构。

　　若要雅思阅读取得高分，一方面要学习题型的特征，解题步骤，注意事项，另一方面是要知其然，知其所以不然，那就是说你要从整体上去掌握文章的构造和布局。

　　一、篇章结构

　　雅思阅读文章的展开方式有以下三种方式，比如说按时间顺序，按过程顺序并列或递进和逻辑顺序。文章结构通常采用：

　　1）引出话题，介绍前景，阐明自己的判断及观点，给出支撑论点或论据，最后得出结论。

　　2）介绍现象，分析原因，阐明后果，给出应对方法，展望未来。

　　3）引出事实，具体介绍(按时间顺序，按发展顺序，按不同方面或按逻辑顺序,最后总结或展望将来。

　　4）引出话题，交代背景，指出必要性、前期准备、具体涉及问题、工作成果、外部反馈，最后结果。

　　5）背景，目的，过程，结果，分析，结论，展望

　　6）现象描述，背景或原因分析，现象后果，应对措施，未来展望。

　　如说C6T1P3 Climate Change and the Inuit, 在Paragraph A段中The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels先大篇幅的引出话题climate change,然后在Paragraph B--E在探讨如何去应对气候的办法，如文章中提到they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science.最后一段提到there are still huge gaps in our environment knowledge.

　　二、段落结构

　　从篇章结构细分到段落结构，去更深地体会去理解雅思阅读文章从正反两面去阐述问题，段落结构大致分为总分结构和转折结构，接下来我们来从提高段阅读文章中来看这两结构：

　　1.总分结构选自C4T3P2 Volcanoes-earth-shattering news的Section C中可以明显得出：

　　These zones are lines of weakness, or hot spots. Every eruption is different, but put at its simplest, where there are weaknesses, rocks deep in the mantle, heated to 1,350℃， will start to expand and rise. As they do so, the pressure drops, and they expand and become liquid and rise more swiftly.

　　Sometimes it is slow: vast bubbles of magma - molten rock from the mantle - inch towards the surface, cooling slowly, to show through as granite extrusions (as on Skye, or the Great Whin Sill, the lava dyke squeezed out like toothpaste that carries part of Hadrian's Wall in northern England). Sometimes - as in Northern Ireland, Wales and the Karoo in South Africa - the magma rose faster, and then flowed out horizontally on o the surface in vast thick sheets. In the Deccan plateau in western India, there are more than two million cubic kilometers of lava, some of it 2,400 meters thick, formed over 500,000 years of slurping eruption.

　　Sometimes the magma moves very swiftly indeed. It does not have time to cool as it surges upwards…

　　2.转折结构是段落结构的中经常出现的形式，尤其在List of headings题型中，转折句决定着段落主旨句选择的方向，常见的转折词汇有However, but, yet, instead of 和引导让步从句的连词如although, even though, even if , whereas等，另外值得重点去注意是隐性的否定词如unfortunately, unluckily等。

　　例如在C6T1P3  Climate Change and the Inuit 中段落C中有明显的体现：

　　The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that's covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing 19 kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today's Inuit people.

　　本篇论文从篇章结构和段落结构从观点到加以剑桥真题集里的文章来佐证阐述。