考试日期：

2014年8月21日

Reading Passage 1 (新）

Title:

The History of Coffee House（历史）

Question types:

判断 F/T/NG 6

表格填空  2

完成句子  5

部分答案

判断

T

T

F

F

NG

Many people disagree with the banning of women... in England and in

French NG,

填空

stock

exchange

shipping

merchants

scientific

文章大意

 涉及到咖啡馆的变迁变成了  penny universities

补充阅读

English coffeehouses, in the 17th and 18th centuries, were public social places where people would meet for conversation and commerce while drinking coffee. For the price of a penny, customers purchased a cup of coffee and admission. Travellers introduced coffee as a beverage to England during the mid-17th century; previously it had been mainly for its supposed medicinal properties. Coffeehouses also served tea and chocolate.

The historian Brian Cowan describes English coffeehouses as "places where people gathered to drink coffee, learn the news of the day, and perhaps to meet with other local residents and discuss matters of mutual concern." The absence of alcohol created an atmosphere in which it was possible to engage in more serious conversation than in an alehouses. Coffeehouses also played an important role in the development of financial markets and newspapers.

Topics discussed included politics and political scandals, daily gossip, fashion, current events, and debates surrounding philosophy and the natural sciences. Historians often associate English coffeehouses, during the 17th and 18th centuries, with the intellectual and cultural history of the Age of Enlightenment: they were an alternate sphere, supplementary to the university. Political groups frequently used coffeehouses as meeting places.

Early London coffeehouses

The Oxford-style coffeehouses, which acted as a centre for social intercourse, gossip, and scholastic interest, spread quickly to London, where English coffeehouses became popularised and embedded within the English popular and political culture. Pasqua Rosée, the Greek servant of a Levant Company merchant named Daniel Edwards, established the first London coffeehouse in 1652. London's second coffeehouse was named the Temple Bar, established by James Farr in 1656. Initially, there was little evidence to suggest that London coffeehouses were popular and largely frequented, due to the nature of the unwelcome competition felt by other London businesses.[14] When Harrington's Rota Club began to meet in another established London coffeehouse known as the Turk's Head, to debate "matters of politics and philosophy", English coffeehouse popularity began to rise. This club was also a "free and open academy unto all comers" whose raison d'être was the art of debate, characterised as "contentious but civil, learned but not didactic." According to Cowan, despite the Rota's banishment after the Restoration of the monarchy, the discursive framework they established while meeting in coffeehouses set the tone for coffeehouse conversation throughout the rest of the 17th century.

Penny universities

Penny University is a term originating from the 18th-century coffeehouses in London, England. Instead of paying for drinks, people were charged a penny to enter a coffeehouse. Once inside, the patron had access to coffee, the company of others, various discussions, pamphlets, bulletins, newspapers, and the latest news and gossip. Reporters called "runners" went around to the coffeehouses announcing the latest news, perhaps not too unlike what we might hear on the TV or the radio today.

This environment attracted an eclectic group of people who met and mingled with each other at these coffeehouses. In a society that placed such a high importance on class and economic status, the coffeehouses were unique because the patrons were people from all levels of society. Anyone who had a penny could come inside. Students from the universities also frequented the coffeehouses, sometimes even spending more time at the shops than at school.

Since that time, various coffee shops all over the world have used the name "Penny University".

The original sense of a coffee house probably grew out of a common experience: that one came out of a coffeehouse feeling more intelligent or enlightened than when entering (as Montesquieu observed in The Persian Letters). As, indeed, wide-ranging conversations ensued therein, from the commercial (leading to the founding of, in London, Lloyd's of London, and in New York, the New York Stock Exchange) to the political, and the purely intellectual; the idea that one could acquire an education for the price of a cup of coffee, that is, a penny, took hold of the poetic imagination.

More to find on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_seventeenth_and_eighteenth_centuries

Reading Passage 2 (新)

Title:

全球变暖对动物的影响（环保）

Question types:

完成句子  6

多项选择  1*2

匹配  5

标题选择 1

部分答案

填空题

Fish

rate  

breeding

time

polar bear

protein

配对

AABDC

单选

总的文章主旨：  气候对动物的变化的影响

文章大意

气候变化还威胁全球生物多样性，使得某些物种可能灭绝。在某些地区，可能增加虫害和火灾出现的频数，这将使生态系统变得复杂化。

补充阅读

More to find on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming

Reading Passage 3 (新)

Title:

Four Drives of Human(公司管理)

Question types:

单选 5

匹配  3

判断 Y/N/NG 6

文章大意

   http://lanterngroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/4-Drive-Model-Driving-Sales-Performance.pdf
请参考此文

难度分析

本次雅思阅读考试再现3新格局，三篇文章均为新题，文章题材涉及历史，环保和公司管理，难度适中。

在题型方面，判断和完成句子的题数较多，希望烤鸭们平时一定要多多练习高频题型，熟练把握并且控制做题节奏。

在话题方面，本场考试第一篇涉及到coffee house 的发展史，第二篇涉及到环保，第三篇涉及到公司管理。希望烤鸭们在备考时多留心科普类话题，要进行浏览泛读国家地理，经济学人等英文杂志。