雅思写作如何有效使用论证方式

　　文章来自南京环球雅思 陈颖老师原创

　　很多学生在学习完L3阶段的写作课程后，并不能较好地将学到的内容进行有效结合，从而写出逻辑完整的主体段。因为上课侧重于分话题讲解大作文类型以及各类型的篇章结构，而观点的展开论证往往有三种常见的拓展方式：举例论证、因果论证以及比较与对比，很多学生不会将学到的拓展方式灵活运用到大作文写作中，导致大作文主体段都是观点的堆砌，并没有把每个观点论述清楚，影响作文分数。要知道，如何将两者结合起来将主体段的次主题句论述清楚是提升文章逻辑的有效途径。本文将以L3正课第二次课Media为例，分析如何带领学生在写作时运用这几个拓展方式。

　　首先给学生介绍这三种拓展方式在何时可以使用、易犯的错误、常见的表达方式以及如何去使用。(1)举例论证一般可以用于将观点句中的抽象名词具体化，来进一步说明或论证该观点。(2)因果论证适用范围很广，一般来说所有的观点都有其前因和后果。(3)比较与对比论证一般可以用于出现两个明显对立方或者比较方的观点中。然后通过一道具体的例题来进行讲解。

　　题目一：

A tendency that the news reported in the media focuses on problems and emergencies rather than the positive developments is harmful to both the individual and the society. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

　　【解析】

　　(1)根据题目的问法(agree or disagree)判断出题目属于单边类，因此作文主体段用“1+2”结构。

　　(2)审题，确定思考方向：新闻中报道一些负面信息会给个人和社会带来哪些积极的以及消极的影响。

　　(3)罗列观点，补充词汇。

　　积极意义：

　　a. 媒体的职责在于传播真实信息，有利于建立公开透明的监督体系

　　b. 提高人们的安全意识，做到及时防范

　　c. 抑制犯罪，犯罪率降低

　　d. 人们意识到问题的存在，并积极寻求解决方案

　　消极意义：

　　a.造成恐慌和社会混乱

　　b.有些人会受暴力、犯罪内容的影响，变得具有攻击性

　　c.传播负能量，影响人们的情绪，产生不安全感，对国家和社会不信任

　　(4)选取积极影响的观点a进行详细的拓展讲解。

　　第一步，写主题句，表明观点。

　　News containing negative information can give rise to certain positive impacts on both individuals and the whole society.

　　第二步，写次主题句，具体论述。

　　News media is responsible for the transmission of real information, which is beneficial to establish a open and transparent supervision system.

　　第三步，进一步展开。

　　(1)解释“为什么新闻媒体有义务传播真实信息”，是因为人们有权利知道真相，而媒体作为信息传播的重要渠道，可以及时告知人们社会存在的一些潜在的问题。(因果论证)

　　Every citizen has the right to know the truth and news media, a main channel of information transmission, can keep the public informed of social potential problems in time.

　　(2)分析“建立公开透明的监督体系”所带来的影响，可以有效地监督政府和有关部门，给他们施加压力，从而这些问题能够尽快得到解决。(因果论证)

　　This kind of system will effectively supervise the government as well as relevant departments and put pressure on them to take measures, so that these problems can be tackled as soon as possible.

　　(3)分析句子中有没有一些抽象或概括性的名词，比如social potential problems，these problems can be tackled，运用举例论证进一步阐述有哪些不为人知的潜在社会问题、政府和有关部门可以采取什么手段来解决这些问题。

　　For example, the problems of refugees and child trafficking were not well-known until some journalists disclosed it to the public through certain renowned photographs.

　　This kind of system will effectively supervise the government as well as relevant departments and put pressure on them to take measures like formulating laws and regulations, so that these problems can be tackled as soon as possible.

　　(4)适当运用一些连接词，将句子整合成一个主体段。

　　News containing negative information can give rise to certain positive impacts on both individuals and the whole society. Firstly, News media is responsible for the transmission of real information, which is beneficial to establish a open and transparent supervision system. As we all know, every citizen has the right to know the truth and news media, a main channel of information transmission, can keep the public informed of social potential problems in time. For example, the problems of refugees and child trafficking were not well-known until some journalists disclosed it to the public through certain renowned photographs. This kind of system will effectively supervise the government as well as relevant departments and put pressure on them to take measures like formulating laws and regulations, so that these problems can be tackled as soon as possible. (135’)

　　(5)布置课后练习，让学生尝试运用上课所讲的几种拓展方式独立写出一个完整的主体段。

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