雅思阅读机经分析

                                    南京环球教育教研中心-田倩

考试日期：

2014年6月19日

Reading Passage 1 旧（发明发展史）

Title:

James Hargreaves  and Spinning Jenny 珍妮纺纱机

Question types:

1-6.简答（不多于3个单词）；7-10.T/F/NG; 11-13.图表填空diagram filling (关于纺纱机的涉及和运作机制)

文章大意

文章介绍了关于珍妮纺纱机发明之前的纺纱业状况，以及发明的灵感来源，设计及运作机制流程，以及发明之后带来的对当地经济，生产模式，当地居民生活状态的改善及影响。最后谈到了发明者想要注册商标，但是没有成功。

部分答案：

1. 在主人公小的时候，他们村子里的主要的生产方式：farming

2. 早期在城镇里从事纺织的人群：wives and  daughters

3.发明者是基于谁的技术发明的：Thomas Height

4.机器是用什么做的：wood

判断：一个 Not given

补充阅读

   James  Hargreaves (1720–1778)was a weaver,  carpenter and inventor in Lancashire, England. He  was one of three inventors responsible for mechanising spinning. Hargreaves  is credited with inventing the spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright  patented the water frame  in 1769, and Samuel Cromptoncombined  the two creating the spinning mule  a little later.

   James  Hargreaves was born at Knuzden Brook near Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle in Lancashire, he lived in Blackburn, then a town  with a population of about 5,000, known for the production of "Blackburn  greys," cloths  of linenWarp and cottonweft. They were usually sent to London to be printed.  The demand for cotton yarn  outstripped supply, and the one-thread spinning wheel could not  keep up.

Hargreaves was described as "stout,  broadset man of about five foot ten, or rather more". He married and  baptismal records show he has 13 children, of whom the author Baines in 1835  was aware of '6 or 7'. He was survived by eight children.

   The  idea for the spinning jenny  is said to have come from the inventor seeing a one-thread wheel overturned  upon the floor, when both the wheel and the spindle  continued to revolve. He realised that if a number of spindles were placed  upright and side by side, several threadsmight  be spun at once. The spinning jenny was confined to producing cotton weft, it  was unable to produce yarn of sufficient quality for the warp. High quality  warp was later supplied byArkwright'sspinning frame.

Hargreaves produced the Jenny for himself but  sold a few to neighbours.

The jenny was initially welcomed by the hand  spinners, but when the price of yarn fell the mood changed.

Opposition to the machine caused Hargreaves to  leave for Nottingham,  where the cotton hosieryindustry benefited from  the increased provision of suitable yarn. Arkwright also ended up in the  town, and was even more successful. Hargreaves made jennies for a man called  Shipley, and on 12 June 1770, he was granted a patent, which enabled  him to take legal action against the Lancashire manufacturers who had begun  using it. This action was withdrawn. With a partner Thomas James, Hargreaves  ran a small mill in Hockley  and lived in an adjacent house. The business was carried on until his death  in 1778 when his wife received a payment of ₤400. When Samuel Crompton invented  the spinning mule  in c.1779 he stated he had learned to spin in 1769 on a jenny that Hargreaves  had constructed.

   As  early as 1835, the distinguished author Edward Baines reports that there were  many false claims being made about Hargreaves, and Arkwright. There had been  a ferocious legal battle to get Arkwright's two most important patents  annulled. Thomas Highs  of Leigh had claimed that he was the true inventor of both these devices and  the spinning jenny as well. In his testamony, Arkwright had over-emphasised  the humble nature of both himself and Hargreaves - some of which was not  based on fact. He wrongly attributed the date of invention as 1767. Richard  Guest opposed Arkwright, and the Edinburgh Review, No. 91reported Guest's  opinions and introduced other fallacies. Parish burial registers misspelt  Hargreaves as Hargraves, but prove that he did not die in the workhouse.[8]  This was confirmed to Baines by Hargreaves's grandson, John James. Parish  registers show that neither his wife nor any of his daughters was called  Jenny - debunking a myth repeated in school textbooks as late as the 1960s,  children's books as late as 2005[9]  and to this day on educational websites.[10]

More to find at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hargreaves

剑桥推荐

C941

Reading Passage 2 新 （心理类）

Title:

Perseverance to  success

Question types:

14-17. 多选（9选4)18-22人名理论配对; 23-26.T/F/NG

部分答案：

9 选 4——坚持不懈能够带来一下哪些成就 （答案分布比较不集中）

A 学术成就

C 事业成就

F 商业成就

G 体育成就

配对：4 个人名，5 个题目 A 被选了两次

判断 有一个 Not given

文章大意

   关于坚持不懈的毅力对成功的作用，是否是成功的必要条件，所引发的众多科学家的众说纷坛。天才是不是也需要坚持不懈，提到了莫扎特，一个人找工作的过程。证明了坚持不懈和成功是关系紧密的。

剑桥推荐

C832

Reading Passage 3 (旧2012.12) 艺术类

Title:

What’s Art?  Criteria

Question types:

27-31. 单选；32-35.Y/N/NG；36-40 完成句子（有选择项）

部分答案：

单选

D D C A C

判断

No ，Not Given，Yes，Yes

文章大意

    关于托尔斯泰对艺术观，即关于艺术的本质问题。讲他对艺术是什么观点。他最大的贡献不在于给出了艺术的定义，而是在于提出了一系列问题如何去判断一个作品是否属于art。他认为艺术家应该是业余的，不应该是职业化的，还判断了传统的主流观点关于构成艺术作品的要素，例如beauty,entertainment什么的；然后继续批判很多传统的艺术品都是counterfeit的，这些作品都有“imitation”, “striking”

原文阅读：

   According to Tolstoy, art must create a  specific emotional link between artist and audience, one that  "affects" the viewer. Thus, real art requires the capacity to unite  people via communication (clearness and genuineness are therefore crucial  values). This aesthetic conception led Tolstoy to widen the criteria of what  exactly a work of art is. He believed that the concept of art embraces any  human activity in which one emitter, by means of external signs, transmits  previously experienced feelings. Tolstoy offers an example of this: a boy  that has experienced fear after an encounter with a wolf later

relates that  experience, infecting the hearers and compelling them to feel the same fear  that he had experienced—that is a perfect  example of a work of art. As communication, this is good art, because it is  clear, it is sincere, and it is singular (focused on one emotion).

   However, genuine "infection" is  not the only criterion for good art. The good art vs. bad art issue unfolds  into two directions. One is the conception that the stronger the infection,  the better is the art. The other concerns the subject matter that accompanies  this infection, which leads Tolstoy to examine whether the emotional link is  a feeling that is worth creating.

Good art, he  claims, fosters feelings of universal brotherhood. Bad art inhibits such  feelings. All good art has a Christian message, because only Christianity  teaches an absolute brotherhood of all men. However, this is  "Christian" only in a limited meaning of the word. Art produced by  artistic elites is almost never good, because the upper class has entirely  lost the true core of Christianity.

   Furthermore, Tolstoy also believed that  art that appeals to the upper class will feature emotions that are peculiar  to the concerns of that class. Another problem with a great deal of art is  that it reproduces past models, and so it is not properly rooted in a  contemporary and sincere expression of the most

enlightened  cultural ideals of the artist's time and place. To cite one example, ancient  Greek art extolled virtues of strength, masculinity, and heroism according to  the values derived from its mythology. However, since Christianity does not  embrace these values (and in some sense values the opposite, the meek and  humble), Tolstoy believes that it is unfitting for people in his society to  continue to embrace the Greek tradition of art.

Among other  artists, he specifically condemns Wagner and Beethoven as examples of overly  cerebral artists, who lack real emotion. Furthermore, Beethoven's Symphony  No. 9 cannot claim to be able to "infect" its audience, as it  pretends at the feeling of unity and therefore cannot be considered good art.

More to find at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoy

难度分析

   本次考试，判断和填空题这类顺序出现且难度不高的题型占很大比重，多选题出现两次，人名理论批评匹配出现一次，题型组合难度偏中等。

关于文章体裁，二旧一新，第一篇是历史类，第二篇是毅力，第三篇讲艺术本质（12年旧题），没有出现较难的自然科普类，所以从题材上，也算是中等难度。对于6月底的烤鸭来说，务必夯实高频题型如判断，填空，简答，配对，单选的训练和时间的控制，弈不能忽视多选，段落主旨概括和段落细节信息匹配题的训练；另外，建议考生们课外多泛读自然科普类的文章，多了解不熟悉的话题文章背景，提高对语言的灵敏度。