对于绝大多数考生而言，完成议论文正文的论证部分并不容易。他们的作文明显表现出论证单薄、内容空洞等问题。另一方面，写作的评分标准中有两项针对考生论证实力的检测，分别为写作任务的完成度和表达的连贯统一性。南京环雅的袁毅琳老师将通过本文介绍一些雅思写作议论文的主要论证方法以及考生应该如何使用这些方法。

一．对比论证

对比论证的方法，主要适用于考题中出现两个对象比较的情况。从操作性上看，对比论证较为方便。论证对比的角度，只需从考题中的两个对象入手即可。

1. 常见表达方式

① 关联词:In contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, just as, similarly

② 句型:compared with ; while/whereas...

③ 形容词的比较级:在不同的考题中，如果出现两个对象的比较，一般在对比论证中都会有一些形容词的比较级出现。考生应根据不同的话题选择不同的词汇。

2.范例评析

剑桥雅思考试全真试题8 Test 2

题目：Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

考官范文选段：

However, learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school, children will experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society. This experience should teach them how to cooperate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.

点评：这道题的主题为“孩子社会意识的教育与培养是靠家庭还是靠学校”。考官在论证学校的教育义务时，着重强调了：相比较家庭，“teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home”。学校中的老师和同学对孩子社会意识的培养有相同的影响力。而且，在学校相比较在家，“experience working and living with people from whole variety of backgrounds for the wider society”。孩子接触的世界更大，人的类型更多。正所谓，公正合理两方面，对比论证出真知。

二．举例论证

要更为直观地反映问题，举例无疑是最好的选择，也是最具有说服力的。

1. 常见表达方式

关联词:for example, for instance, in particular, just as, specifically...

‚句型:According to a recent study./A recent survey found that.../...,which may include...

2. 范例分析

举例论证也可以分为如下几种情况：

应用名人实例。可以使用外国谚语或者理论，最好不要硬性翻译中国谚语，文化差异可能导致考官不理解。使用谚语也不要过度，因为很多谚语的写法只适用于口语体。如在教育类话题中有一个考题涉及到应该鼓励竞争还是合作，在论证竞争的重要性时，就可以引用达尔文的适者生存理论。

Charles Darwin, for example, taught us that only the fittest can survive, which is more than ever true in today’s competitive society.

‚应用某些调查研究结果，常结合具体数据，更能增强真实性说服力。社会类话题对于儿童平均体重上升的原因，可以进行以下论证：

It has been scientifically proven that inactive lifestyles can lead to a buildup of fat, which causes weight gain.

ƒ 应用生活中具有普遍性的现象。对于文化类科技类以及社会类这些与我们日常生活密切相关的话题，可以列举生活中的例子加以论证。下面便是一道科技类真题以及相应的范文选段：

题目：Nowadays the way people interact with each other has changed because of technology. In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make? Has this been a positive or negative development?

参考范文选段：Easy access to the Internet and mobile phone services means that geographical distance is no longer a barrier to building relationships with people far away. Video-conferencing technology helps business people communicate with their partners in other countries, while distance-education technology has made many online courses available. Students can take these courses without having to meet their teachers face to face. The way people keep in touch with their family and friends has also been transformed by mobile phone services and instant messaging software such as Google Talk and Skype.

点评：这道题的主题为“科技对人们沟通方式的影响”。作者的观点为Easy access to the Internet and mobile phone services means that geographical distance is no longer a barrier to building relationships with people far away。而与我们生活息息相关的科技产品当属网络与手机了，因此本段论证举了工作中Video-conferencing technology ，学习中online courses，以及与亲友联系时所用的 instant messaging software such as Google Talk and Skype. 如此多的例子从不同角度很好的阐述了科技对于我们人际关系的影响，论据充实而不空洞，很大程度上是举例论证的功劳。

三．因果论证

这种方法是比较容易上手而且使用范围广泛的论证方法，它的正确使用可大幅提高论证的逻辑性与连贯度。

1.常见表达方式

关联词：therefore, thus, hence, as a result, because,as, since...

‚句型：The reason why... is that.../... be related to.../...give rise to.../...contribute to...

2.范例分析

题目：Some people think that the best way to reduce crime is to give criminals longer prison sentences. Others, however, think there are better ways to reduce crime. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

参考范文选段：Even if we depend on prison to reduce crime, providing prisoners with job training programmes is better than giving them longer prison because job training can help them to find jobs and develop careers after serving their sentences. By contrast, having to spend longer periods in prison would damage prisoners’ health and lead to resentment among them.

点评：本题的主题为“延长刑期是否是减少犯罪的最好方式”。作者此段很明显提出给予罪犯就业培训要比延长刑期更好，通过 because job training can help them to find jobs and develop careers after serving their sentences. 讲述了原因，又使用了之前所提的对比论证法，By contrast, having to spend longer periods in prison would damage prisoners’ health and lead to resentment among them. 此句指出延长刑期的弊端。此两种论证方式的使用很好的表明了作者立场。

大作文的论证方法各有千秋，南京环雅的袁毅琳老师就对比论证，举例论证以及因果论证进行了详细阐述。只有对这些方法的适用范围，常用表达熟练掌握并多加练习，在实际论述时结合使用，才能使论证充分有力，紧扣主题，勇夺高分。