2.因果关系

若想了解因果关系，首先必须掌握一些常用的表达因果关系词。

表原因：reason/cause/because/since/as/given that/because of

表结果：so/hence/therefore/as a result/as a consequence

另外，笔者也总结了一些常见的但考生往往不太熟悉的可用于表达因果的语言素材：

语言表达（对象均为A、B）原因结果

A is responsible for BAB

A result in/cause/lead to BAB

It is A that allow…to BAB

B has to do with AAB

A breed/give rise to/generate/give birth to BAB

小试牛刀：识别以下句子的因果关系词，并猜测划线词义。

Since some species are largely nocturnal， collecting should not be confined to daytime.

表原因的词为：since

中文意思：

既然一些物种是nocturnal的，那么收集（物种）不应该限定在白天。

解析：

相信看到这里大家都猜到nocturnal的意思为…，没错就是夜行的、夜间活动的。

例题：C8-T4-R3

题型：matching features特征搭配

Questions 31-36

Classify the following statements as referring to

A.hand collecting

B.using bait

C.sampling ground litter

D.using a pitfall trap

Write the correct letter，A，B，C or D，in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.

27.It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.

28.It is particularly effective for wet habitats.

29.It is a good method for species which are hard to find.

30.Little time and effort is required.

31.Separate containers are used for individual specimens.

32.Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.

The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better)， while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol， as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.

解析：最后两行中的：The preservative/ used/ is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol， as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out.

这里被使用的防腐剂通常是ethylene glycol or propylene glycol，因为（as）酒精会挥发（evaporate）然后陷阱就会干掉。那么问题是，防腐剂会不会用酒精呢？

不少同学第一眼会被evaporate困扰着，其实还可以利用后面语境中的traps will dry out反推，酒精应该会不见。

因此可推为挥发，那么酒精肯定是不好的，从而可推ethylene glycol or propylene glycol应为非酒精的。故这一段对应的matching为32 D。

（该段还对应34，不过因篇幅有限，故删去34对应原文，只截取与36有关的部分）

练到这里，相信可以上剑12大餐了，请看一道难题——

题目：C12-Test-8-Passage 2-Bring back the big cat

Questions 23-26 判断题

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

26.It has become apparent that species reintroduction has commercial advantages

原文：

The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains， the Alps， the Vosges in eastern France and Harz Mountains in Germany and has re-established itself in many more places. As with wolves， bears， beavers， boar， bison， moose and many other species， the lynx has been able to spread as farming has left the hills and people discover that it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it， as tourists will pay for the chance to see it. Large-scale rewilding is happening almost everywhere---except Britain

解析：

结合首句The lynx has now been reintroduced…as with …the lynx has been able to spread 和最后的large-scale rewilding可以综合理解得此为species reintroduction，符合题意。

再往下看，原文说人们发现it is more lucrative to protect charismatic wildlife than to hunt it， as tourists will pay for the chance to see it.碰到可能的生词lucrative，可以结合后半句的as引导的表原因的从句：游客会为见此动物而付费，推出lucrative大概意思为有利可图的，满足题目中的commercial advantages。