雅思阅读两大出题点：一是定位，二是同义替换，然而要想雅思阅读取得不错的成绩，必须掌握的重点是熟练掌握雅思同义替换，同义替换掌握的越好，阅读做题的速度越快。同比，口语表达需要同义词保证自己语言的变换，写作的同义词替换也是必备的。而本篇论文中南京环球教育方丹丹老师将从以下多个角度来谈一谈阅读中的同义替换。

　　什么是同义替换？

　　查阅牛津字典，

　　Synonym: having an implication similar to the idea expressed by another word。

　　翻看维基百科，给出的释义如下：

　　A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy.

　　同义替换的分类

　　1.词义和语境相同（词义的意思完全一致）

　　举例：

　　The words begin, start, commence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another.

　　2.部分词义重合，使用的语境不同（Words are typically synonymous in one particular sense）

　　举例：

　　For example, long and extended in the context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.

　　一和二两者分类之间的异同点

　　Synonyms with the exact same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field.

　　3.转喻词（metonym）

　　翻看有道词典，给出的释义如下：

　　a word that is used metonymically; a word that denotes one thing but refers to a related thing.

　　举例：

　　The White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president.

　　4.上下义词（Hypernyms and hyponyms）

　　翻看维基百科，给出的释义如下：

　　Hyponyms are words that refer to, respectively, a general category and a specific instance of that category.

　　举例：

　　For example, vehicle is a hypernym of car, and car is a hyponym of vehicle.

　　For example, dog and cat are hyponyms of animal.

　　用图文结合的方法阐述，清晰明了。Mind map如下：

　　同义替换在雅思阅读真题中出题方式

　　①词汇和短语之间的替换

　　举例：

　　Text: It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a sustainable system of agriculture.

　　Questions: He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both consumers and farmers.

　　解析：原文当中用的是shift…towards…而题目中change 爱她attitude, shift和change两个属于词汇之间的同义替换，属于词义相同，相近。

　　②词性的转换

　　举例：原文中用的reliant，而题目中用的reliance，两各单词属于word family，只是词性发生变化，属于雅思阅读中词性转化的考察。

　　③上下义的替换

　　举例：

　　Text: Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertilizer and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertilizer run-off.

　　Question: one effect of chemicals on water resources

　　解析：原文当中 industrial fertilizer and pesticide是chemicals 的下义词，而Natural soil fertility is dropping是effect的下义词，因此该题的出题考点是上下义词的替换。

　　④主动语态和被动语态之间的转换

　　举例：

　　Text：The dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well-esteemed that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension.

　　Question: he was granted for a pension by the King.

　　解析:原文中用的是主动语态，动宾结构，而题目中用的是被动语态，be done 的形式，属于雅思阅读中主被动的替换。

　　⑤句子与句子的同义替换

　　举例：

　　Text: ￡23million for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies.

　　Question: a cost involved in purifying domestic water.

　　解析：原文的句意是耗费230万英镑去除饮用水中虫子，而题目中净化家庭用水的费用，不同的句式结构和词汇，表达的句意完全一致，这属于雅思阅读中句子和句子的替换。

　　本篇从同义替换的出题点，浅谈雅思中阅读同义替换的形式，结合真题从五个点来探讨此话题。