雅思阅读机经分析

　　南京环球教育教研中心-奚小渤

　　考试日期： 2012年6月30日

　　Reading Passage 1

　　Title: 中国古代战车Chariot (China)

　　Question types: TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN 4题

　　Complete the diagram 6题

　　Answer questions 3题

　　英文原文阅读 The ancient Chinese chariot (simplified Chinese: 战车;traditional Chinese: 戰車;pinyin: zhan che; literally "war vehicle") was used as an attack and pursuit vehicle on the open fields and plains of Ancient China from around 1200 BCE. Chariots also allowed military commanders a mobile platform from which to control troops while providing archers and soldiers armed with dagger-axes increased mobility. They reached a peak of importance during the Spring and Autumn period, but were largely superseded by cavalry in the Han Dynasty.

　　Origins

　　Traditional sources attribute the invention of the chariot to the Xia Dynasty minister Xi Zhong(奚仲), [1][2][3] and say they were used at the Battle of Gan(甘之战)in the 21st century BCE. However archeological evidence shows that small scale use of the chariot began around 1200 BCE in the late Shang Dynasty.[4][5] Contemporary oracle bone inscriptions of the character 車(车)depict a chariot-like two wheeled vehicle with a single pole for the attachment of horses.

　　Ancient Chinese chariots were typically two wheeled vehicles drawn by two or four horses[9] with a single draught pole measuring around 3 meters long that was originally straight but later evolved into two curved shafts. At the front end of the pole there was a horizontal draw-bar about one meter long with wooden yokes attached, to which the horses would be harnessed. Wooden wheels with a diameter of between approximately 1.2 - 1.4 meters were mounted on a three meter long axle and secured at each end with a bronze hubcap. Wheels of the Shang period usually had 18 spokes, but those of the Zhou period numbered from 18 to 26. Chariot wheels of the Spring and Autumn period (8th-7th century BCE) had between 25 and 28 spokes. The carriage body was around one meter long and 0.8 meters wide with wooden walls and an opening at the back to provide access for soldiers.[10][11]

　　With the arrival of the Spring and Autumn Period (771-476 BCE) improvements had been made to the chariot’s design and construction. The angle of the curved draw pole had increased raising the end of the pole. This reduced the amount of effort required by the horse pulling the chariot and increased its speed. The width of the carriage body had also increased to around 1.5 meters allowing soldiers greater freedom of movement. Key components such as the pole, hubcap and yoke were reinforced with decorated copper castings, increasing the chariot’s stability and durability. These chariots were variously referred to as “gold chariots” (金车), “attack chariots”(攻车)or “weapons chariots”.(戎车)[10]

　　题型难度分析 第一篇文章从题型角度来看难度适中，是非无判断属于常规题目，图形填空和简答题，都属于有顺序的题目，定位容易。本篇文章对于考生的难度在于对话题的陌生感，会出现不认识的单词，但就题型设置上可看出，本篇文章是得分文章。

　　题型技巧分析 Complete the diagram是雅思阅读中的“人品题”，出现的机会非常少，每年出现的概率平均少于5次，每次题目的出现也在5题左右。

　　考生在解题中，会被很多生僻词迷惑。

　　解题中需要用生僻词定位，按照顺序原则解题，并预测答案的词性，注意字数要求的限制。

　　剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 剑8 Test1 Passage1;剑8 Test4 Passage3

　　Reading Passage 2

　　Title: Chimpanzee 黑猩猩的研究

　　Question types: Which paragraph contains the following information? 6题

　　Multiple choices 4题

　　Complete the sentences 3题

　　文章内容回顾 动物和人类的区别，以及它会使用工具

　　英文原文阅读 Chimpanzees are our closest living relatives, sharing more than 98 percent of our genetic blueprint. Humans and chimps are also thought to share a common ancestor who lived some four to eight million years ago.

　　Chimpanzees live in social communities of several dozen animals, and can habituate themselves to African rain forests, woodlands, and grasslands.

　　Although they normally walk on all fours (knuckle-walking), chimpanzees can stand and walk upright. By swinging from branch to branch they can also move quite efficiently in the trees, where they do most of their eating. Chimpanzees usually sleep in the trees as well, employing nests of leaves.

　　Chimps are generally fruit and plant eaters, but they also consume insects, eggs, and meat, including carrion. They have a tremendously varied diet that includes hundreds of known foods.

　　Chimpanzees are one of the few animal species that employ tools. They shape and use sticks to retrieve insects from their nests or dig grubs out of logs. They also use stones to smash open tasty nuts and employ leaves as sponges to soak up drinking water. Chimpanzees can even be taught to use some basic human sign language.

　　Females can give birth at any time of year, typically to a single infant that clings to its mother's fur and later rides on her back until the age of two. Females reach reproductive age at 13, while males are not considered adults until they are 16 years old.

　　Although chimps and humans are closely related, the apes have suffered much at human hands. These great apes are endangered and still threatened by bush meat hunters and habitat destruction.

　　题型难度分析 黑猩猩是常考话题，在雅思听力和阅读中都经常出现。从难度而言，信息段落配对的难度比较高，而且在文章开头需要考生的注意力非常集中，同时也对考生的阅读和做题速度提出了比较高的要求。第二种填空题相对而言内容较为简单，文章定位也比较容易。总体而言，考生对话题的不熟悉以及细节配对题的6道题目使得这篇阅读文章难度总体较高。

　　题型技巧分析 细节配对是雅思考试中比较难的题型，我们来分析一下这类题目的做题技巧：

　　首先，让我们来了解一下这种题目的出题特点。

　　1. 彻底同义转换

　　和其它题型不同的是，这种题型是对原文一句话或者一段话进行的彻底同义转换，个别甚至是高度概括，因此几乎不存在任何定位词，因此不能根据定位词到原文中定位答案。考生必须具备非常强的语言理解能力，才能快速识别出文章信息和段落信息的相似之处，从而找到答案。

　　2. 完全乱序

　　由于这种题型是要求把细节信息与所在的段落进行配对，因此是绝对打乱顺序出题的。

　　3. 部分题目存在重复选项

　　在雅思阅读中，段落细节配对题以两种形式出现，一种是每个选项只能用一次，另外一种题型，在Instruction的最后一句往往有这样的提示：

　　NB You may use any letter more than once.

　　如果出现这样的提示，则说明某些段落可以重复选用。剑桥真题集中的真题以及笔者、考生的实际考试经历证明，这种指令往往意味着有且仅有一个选项可以使用两次。

　　4. 从题量上来看，存在着以下两种可能：

　　1) 题量=段落数+1(肯定带NB)

　　2) 题量小于段落数两个以上

　　由于每个选项只能重复使用一次，因此第一种题型就意味着每个段落都会有至少一个答案，而第二种题型则不能保证每段都有。

　　5. 永远是第一个题型

　　不管在A类考试还是G类的考试中，我们发现，这种题目永远是出现在第一个题型，而且这种题型与段落标题配对题型List of headings属于“相克题型”，即这两者不可能同时出现。

　　6. 有部分题目与其后的题目有关联

　　由于这种题型一般都是跨全文出的，因此跟后面的题目不可避免地出现交叉，因此有可能根据后面的题目来推断出细节所在的位置。

　　题量=段落数+1, 且带NB的题型：

　　前面讲过，由于段落细节配对题的出题特点，这种题型往往暗示了每段都会有至少一个答案，那么这种题目适合用“通篇浏览”的方法来做。具体步骤如下：

　　1. 阅读所有题目，划出关键词

　　关键词就是能最大限度上概括整个句子的单词或短语，第一步划出关键词，在短时间内将所有的题目进行高度的浓缩，符合人类短期记忆的规律。

　　2. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案

　　因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。

　　剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 剑6 Test1;剑7 Test1

　　Reading Passage 3

　　Title: Leicester的新剧院

　　Question types: Choose the correct letter, A, B, C and D. 单选4题

　　Summary 有选词 6题

　　TRUE\FALSE\NOT GIVEN 4题

　　题型难度分析 根据考生回忆，Summary定位难度较大。

　　题型技巧分析 是非无判断题：

　　解题思路：

　　1. 关键词定位到原文中与题目出现重复的段落

　　2. 判断方式不包含任何逻辑推理

　　TRUE: 是原文中同义近义改写

　　FALSE: 对于原文信息的直接改写

　　NOT GIVEN: 原文没有信息，或通过原文信息不能直接推理出来

　　3. 书写应该规范，大写全拼

　　剑桥雅思推荐原文练习 剑6 Test1

　　考试趋势分析和备考指导：

　　本次阅读考试难度适中，重复了2012年6月30日的所有考试文章。第一篇文章很简单属于送分题，第二篇文章出现了信息段落配对题，第三篇文章summary的定位比较难。

　　本次考试，文章涉及的话题包含人文类的“中国的古代战车”、动物类“黑猩猩的研究”。

　　综合三篇文章的题型和话题，在接下来的考试中，同学们在备考时不仅仅要关注主流题型的解题思路，分清主旨和信息的区别，更要在平时的阅读中更多的涉猎一些人文和动植物类的文章，在阅读文章的同时补充背景知识和词汇量。