Topic：In most cities and towns, the high volume of road traffic has become a serious problem. What are the causes of this situation? What actions can be taken to solve the problem?

开头段：简单介绍文章背景，现在的社会面临交通堵塞的问题。尽管现代信息技术可以通过促进远程办公和电信业务减少对机械运输的需求，但是交通运输量仍在增加。对客运而言，决定性因素是汽车使用的惊人增长。自1990至2010年，欧盟道路上的汽车数量经历了每年三百万量的增长，并且在未来十年剑欧盟将见证车辆数量的进一步增长。

With the ever-increasing speed of urban development, the volume of road traffic has become out of control. Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase. The number of car use on the roads saw an increase of 3 million cars each year from 1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a further substantial increase in its feet. （原话稍作修改，用在这里）This essay will explore the factors contributing to this situation and some possible measures that can be taken to address this problem.

主体段第一段：开始论述交通堵塞的原因一，越来越多的城市居民因为私家车的方便购置了私家车，导致私家车数量大幅上涨。

To start with, the determing factor is the spectacular growth in car use. （原话稍作修改，用在这里）Currently, more citizens can afford the purchase of private cars which offer them great convenience. Instead of taking unpunctual buses or overcrowded metro to work, people now have the alternative to commute using their own cars. Undeniably, this new trend inevitably deteriorates the traffic situation.

主体段第二段：论述交通堵塞的原因二，大城市的工作机会更多，工作的发展前景更好，吸引了大量的外来人口。外来人口数量过大，而公共交通又跟不上发展。

Another element of the high traffic volume is the over-population in major cities. Offering more job opportunities and better career prospects, metropolises have attracted millions of people from other parts working in urban areas. What's worse, the public transportation systems in those cities cannot keep pace with the rapidly growing needs of residents, giving rise to the traffic problem subsequently.

主体段第三段：开始论述交通堵塞的解决方法一，就是要给公路加价，这可以在短期内控制私家车的增长速度。

The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. In the short term, it might curb the growth in road transport through the better loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the increase in the price of transport.（原句用在这里）

主体段第四段：论述交通堵塞的解决方法二，开发其他的交通模式，并且提高它们的效率。

The second approach also concentrates on the road transport pricing but is accompanied by the measures to increase the efficiency of other modes. However, this approach does not include investment in new infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional cohesion.（原句用在这里）

主体段第五段：论述交通堵塞的解决方法三，包括一系列举措，从定价到激活其他运输方式以及对道路网络进行定向投资。这种方法远比表面看上去更加宏伟，不会对人员和货物的流动性造成限制，但是会显著削弱道路运输增长和经济增长之间的联系。

The third approach comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalizing modes of transport and targeting investment in the network. It is far more ambitious than it looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in favor of roads for the last fifty years, but would achieve a marked break in the link between road transport growth and economic growth, without placing restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.（原句用在这里）

结尾段：总结上文，所以为了解决这一问题，使用替代燃料以提升能源效率和改革道路政策既是生态的需要，也是技术的挑战。同时为了实现这一模式的转变，人们必须做出更多努力。这样的转变不是一夜之间就可以实现的，毕竟半个多世纪以来公路的状况持续恶化。

Therefore, the over-crowding of city roads is the result of unbalanced urban development. Using alternative fuels to improve energy efficiency and reforming the road policy is thus both an ecologically necessary and a technological challenge. At the same time, greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a century of constant deterioration in favor of road.（原句用在这里）