So系列(表结果)

1. thus/ therefore / thereby / hence

thus： 表示'in this/that way'

As a country develops， its cities become the engines of development， thus jobs are available in these areas.

therefore： 表示 'for this reason' /'because of this or that'

Therefore， the influence of the peer group is important both for one's own competence and for the relative evaluation of the process itself， given that one sees oneself in relation to others.

thereby： by that means， as a result of that

In some countries， reduced budgets have led to the elimination of busing systems， thereby increasing the use of cars and the congestion they create.

hence： 表示 'from this/that'

Drinking lots of water is healthy and reducing plastic waste is great for the environment. Hence， trendy reusable water bottles that you can refill yourself are health-promoting， eco-friendly， and green.

2. As a result / As a consequence

As a result， those people who were indoors had much lighter skin， which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.

As a consequence， environmental health must address the societal and environmental factors that increase the likelihood of exposure and disease.

3. consequently /accordingly

Consequently 更偏重因果逻辑;accordingly 更偏重后续解决

Water pollution affects drinking water， rivers， lakes and oceans all over the world. This consequently harms human health and the natural environment.

Some of the laws were contradictory. Accordingly， measures were taken to clarify them.

Cause系列(表结果)

1. cause (v.) 引起

The amount of garbage produced by the people also increases which causes sanitary landfills to fill up faster.

2. lead to/ result in 导致

注意这里是result in， 后跟结果，前面提到的result from后面跟的是原因.

The society's attitude to food often leads to over-consumption.

3. bring about： to cause to take place 引起，带来(注意使用时更倾向于"带来"这个意思)

The internet technologies that have brought about so much social change were scarcely imaginable just decades before they appeared.

4.spark off 引发、引爆 ，具体指引发比较严重的后果、冲突等(=trigger / activate)，或指"点燃"(=inspire)

Spark off a series of problems / a chain of events related to…

They can spark off each other's talents

affect系列(影响到)

1. Affect/influence

More likely than not， getting a vehicle from point "A" to point "B" involves combustion of a fossil fuel， a process that emits gasses and affects the environment and the ozone layer.

People's behavior is influenced by circumstances and events， friends and family， education， job prospects， income， housing and environment.

2.impact on 对…产生影响(impact 一般做名词使用，也可以作为动词)

Over the last few decades， there has been a tremendous growth in information technology， which can impact on our everyday life.

3. give rise to 使发生

The decrease in the number of bicycles and cars might give rise to another new set of problems.

名词系列(因果)

1. cause (of sth.)/ reason 原因

Obesity can be divided into three main causes - diet， lifestyle and education.

Thousands of people migrate to the cities not only for jobs but also for educational and personal reasons.

2. result (for sth.)/ effect 结果

This is a difficult problem with many serious effects on the individual and country.

Another result is lack of self-esteem.

3. causality 因果关系(cause and effect)

The correlation between population and housing price does not indicated causality， only the association. 这里的causality也可以换成：causal effect (因果效应)

Such a causality-driven， prevention-focused approach to homicide and other serious crime would revolutionize our conception of criminal justice， moving from the imposition of "just deserts" to the enlightened pursuit of a less violent society.

4. impact/influence 影响

This area is often overlooked but has a tremendous impact on your life

Friends have a big influence on the way that we use social media-from unwritten rules to buying decisions and so much more.